The article deals with the history of medicine in Turkestan in the late of 19th and early 20th centuries in the context of traditions and innovations in the provision of medical care to Muslim women in the region. By using the example of data relating to three regions of the Turkestan General Governorship - Samarkand, Syrdarya and Fergana, the author analyzes the use of traditional medicine methods, as well as innovations that have appeared in the provision of medical care. The issues of activity of outpatient clinics, created for local women of the region, their financial situation and problems of their activity are considered separately. Along with this, the article discusses issues related to the provision of inpatient care to the population, the private medical practice of Russian doctors and the attitude of the local population towards Russian doctors.